The article describes the main indicators of economic development of the Republic of Tajikistan in recent years, gives a detailed description of the mineral resource base and the development of agriculture. The work explores the birth and death rates, population density, the level of wages in the context of national economy. The article presents data on the overall unemployment and female unemployment in particular in recent years. The consumer price index is represented by the month for 2015 that allows to match it with the dynamics of gross domestic product. In comparison with the corresponding period of the previous year the article provides information on the budget and tax revenues. We have studied the dynamics of investment in fixed assets by industry for the period January-September of the current and previous years. The study details the development of agriculture, together with an indication of the volumes of produc-tion of the most important types of products, studies foreign trade turnover of Tajikistan, with indication of the countries accounting for the largest volume of exports and imports and commodity groups, prevailing in foreign trade with these countries. Particular attention is paid to the foreign trade operations with Russia, which is considered the structure of export-import operations. The article examines the reasons for the growth of cement consumption and propose measures to reduce its imports from Russia. The work explores the basis of the structure of food consumption on a sample survey of households with the release of bread, meat and dairy products, potatoes and vegetables. Particular attention is paid to the state of demographic and social factors that influence migration processes. The study proved the main directions of economic development in key sectors: energy, agriculture and mining.